Amino acids are the monomers that join together to form
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This monomer in the presence of heat or a catalyst will allow cross-linkages. Thermosetting Acrylics: These polymers contain backbone monomers that make up the majority of the polymer together with a minimum of one monomer having a reactive group.Life on Earth owes its continuation to the nucleotide monomers that form the backbone of DNA and RNA, as well as the energy molecule ATP.Monomers like styrene, ethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate join together to form acrylic solution polymers.įurther, the acrylic solution polymers can be classified into two groups that are: The long length and stability of DNA allows for storage of tremendous amounts of information. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and the four nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which make up the nucleotide base of the molecule. DNA is the more stable molecule, forming a double helix configuration, and is therefore the prevalent polynucleotide for cells. RNA serves as an enzyme and assists DNA replication, as well as making proteins. RNA, which contains the sugar ribose and adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil, works in various methods inside cells. These linkages possess negative charges and yield a stable macromolecule for storing genetic information. Phosphodiester linkages connect the sugars of nucleic acids together. Adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups make up ATP molecules. One example is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chief delivery system of energy for organisms. Nucleotides form the basis for many molecules needed for life. The combined sugar and nitrogenous base yield different functions. A protein’s interactions and variety are determined by its basic monomer of protein, glucose-based amino acids. Proteins are made according to instructions from a cell’s genes. Changing the protein structure leads directly to a change in protein function. The varying three-dimensional structures of proteins lead to their respective functions. For example, the protein actin plays the role of transporter for most organisms. Proteins serve as communicators and movers of material between cells. Proteins also serve as catalysts for reactions in living organisms these are called enzymes.
Amino acids are the monomers that join together to form skin#
The protein keratin provides animals with skin and hair and feathers. Collagen provides structural foundations for animals. Additional folding and bending yields stable, complex quaternary structures such as collagen. Folding of amino acids leads to active proteins in the tertiary structure.
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The amino acids form chains as a primary structure, and additional secondary forms occur with hydrogen bonds leading to alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Other disaccharides include lactose (sugar in milk) and maltose (a byproduct of cellulose). For example, sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide that derives from adding two monomers, glucose and fructose. Combining the sugar monomers creates disaccharides (made from two sugars) or larger polymers called polysaccharides. The pentoses are simple sugars such as ribose, arabinose and xylose. Other simple sugars include galactose and fructose, and these also bear the same chemical formula but are structurally different isomers. Glucose forms the basis of many carbohydrates. Cells use glucose for cellular respiration. Glucose is made chiefly via photosynthesis in plants and is the ultimate fuel for animals.
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Glucose is a monomer with the formula C 6H 12O 6, meaning it has six carbons, twelve hydrogens and six oxygens in its base form. These monomers can form long chains that make up polymers known as carbohydrates, the energy-storing molecules found in food. Monosaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. Simple sugars are monomers called monosaccharides.